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A closer look to European ULMs: Types and National Regulations within the EU

Written by admin on . Posted in Ultralight aircrafts.

Ultralight aviation is on the rise in Europe, providing flight enthusiasts with an accessible and exciting option. These lightweight aircraft are ideal for recreational and training flights, and their popularity has grown significantly due to their versatility and ease of use. In this article, we will explore the different types of ultralight aircraft in Europe, the specific regulations in various countries, and the basic technical characteristics that define them.

Turweston Airfield in the UK

What Are Ultralight Aircraft?

As we have explored in our previous articles, Ultralight aircraft, commonly known as ULM (Ultra Léger Motorisé), are airplanes that must meet specific weight and design requirements set by the national and EU aviation authorities. They are lightweight and easy to handle, making them perfect for learning and recreational flying. In the USA, the ultralight spectrum is expected to be expanded under the MOSAIC regulations, nevertheless in Europe the ULM class remains essentially unchanged for decades.

Types of Ultralight Aircraft

Ultralight Airplanes

These are aircraft designed to comply with ULM regulations. In most European countries, the maximum weight should not exceed 600 kg (1320 lbs), although this may vary (more details below).

Trikes and Gyroplanes

Trikes combine a flexible wing with a three-wheeled chassis. Their design allows for short takeoffs and landings, making them popular among recreational pilots due to their stability and ease of handling. Gyroplanes often referred to as autogyros, are a distinctive type of ultralight aircraft that utilize a rotating rotor to generate lift, combined with a conventional aircraft engine for thrust.

Ultralight Gliders

These are motorless aircraft designed to soar using thermal currents. While they require an initial tow, they offer a unique, silent, and ecological flying experience, being highly appreciated by aviation enthusiasts, specially in central Europe, where some airfields and aeroclubs offer flying experiences on this type of aircrafts. You can find many of this airfields in our map database!

EASA Regulations and Country-Specific Differences

The European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) regulates civil aviation in Europe, but each country may have its own specifications. Here are some of the most relevant regulations in several European countries:

France

  • Maximum Weight: 525kg and 570kg for amphibious aircrafts (both including emergency parachute systems).
  • Licenses: To fly ultralight aircraft in France, pilots must obtain a Brevet de Pilote ULM (BPL). The BPL is specifically tailored for ultralight aviation and requires both theoretical and practical training.
  • Regulations: In France, ultralight aircraft, known as ULM (Ultra Léger Motorisé), are subject to specific regulations governed by the Direction Générale de l’Aviation Civile (DGAC). France offers a supportive regulatory environment for ultralight aviation, with a structured licensing process designed to ensure safety and competency among pilots. The focus on accessibility and minimal barriers to entry makes flying ultralight aircraft an attractive option for aviation enthusiasts in the country.

Germany

  • Maximum Weight: 600 kg for both single and two seater configurations. The emergency parachute weight must comply with the 600kg limit. Amphibious aircraft can weigh up to 650kg.
  • Licenses: To operate ultralight aircraft in Germany, pilots must obtain a UL-Pilotenschein (Ultralight Pilot License). This license is specifically designed for ultralight flying and requires both theoretical and practical training. Pilots must complete a minimum of 15 hours of flight training, including at least 10 solo flights. Training must be conducted with an approved flight instructor. The licensing process for ultralight pilots is designed to ensure that pilots are adequately trained and competent.
  • Regulations: In Germany, ultralight aircraft, referred to as Leichtflugzeuge or ULM (Ultraleichtflugzeuge), are regulated by the Luftfahrt-Bundesamt (LBA), the Federal Aviation Office. Germany has a well-structured regulatory framework for ultralight aviation, balancing accessibility with safety.

United Kingdom

In the UK the european ultralight category is legally referred as microlight. A microlight is an aeroplane which meets the requirements of one of the following categories:

  • Microlight Category 1
  1. has a stalling speed, or maximum steady flight speed in the landing configuration, at the maximum take-off mass not exceeding 35 knots calibrated airspeed; and
  2. has a maximum take-off mass not exceeding—
    • 450kg for a two-seat landplane;
    • 495kg for a two-seat amphibian or floatplane; or
    • 475kg for a two-seat landplane equipped with an airframe mounted total recovery parachute system.
  • Microlight Category 2
  1. is of an approved design;
  2. either has, or has been subsequently modified to have, a stalling speed, or minimum steady flight speed in the landing configuration, at the maximum take-off mass not exceeding 45 knots calibrated airspeed; and
  3. either has, or has been subsequently modified to have, a maximum take-off mass not exceeding—
    • 600kg for a landplane; or
    • 650kg for an amphibian or floatplane.
  • Licenses: For the holder of a NPPL(A) with a valid Simple Single Engine Aeroplane (SSEA) Class Rating, they must complete the required training and testing and obtain a Microlight Class Rating prior to flying as a pilot in command of a microlight aeroplane. This includes three axis microlights up to 600kg/650kg as well as weightshift microlights.
  • Regulations: The UK has a certification system that allows pilots to operate aircraft with a degree of flexibility.

Spain

  • Maximum Weight: In Spain, ultralight aircraft must adhere to a maximum weight limit of 600 kg, with the allowance for amphibious aircraft reaching up to 650 kg. This weight limit is inclusive of all necessary equipment, such as emergency parachute systems, ensuring that the aircraft remains within the specified operational parameters.
  • Licenses: To pilot ultralight aircraft in Spain, pilots must obtain a specific ultralight pilot license known as the “Licencia de Piloto de Ultraligero” (LAPL). This license requires both theoretical knowledge and practical flight training, which must be conducted by an approved instructor. The training typically includes a minimum of 15 hours of flight time, which consists of both dual instruction and solo flights. Candidates must pass a written exam covering regulatory knowledge, aerodynamics, navigation, and safety procedures, as well as a practical flight test.
  • Regulations: The operation of ultralight aircraft in Spain is regulated by the “Agencia Española de Seguridad Aérea” (AESA), which operates under the framework of EASA regulations. Ultralight aircraft must comply with maintenance standards that ensure airworthiness and safety. These standards include regular inspections and adherence to specific operational guidelines, promoting a culture of safety within the ultralight flying community. Spain offers a relatively accessible environment for ultralight aviation enthusiasts, with regulations designed to foster participation while maintaining safety standards.

Ultralight aviation in Europe offers an exciting and accessible way to explore the skies. With a variety of aircraft types and specific regulations in each country, pilots can find options that suit their needs and desires. As the demand for sustainable and recreational transport grows, ultralight aviation is likely to continue expanding and evolving. If you’re interested in flying, ultralight aircraft may be your gateway to an unforgettable adventure in the air.

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